This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

This I Believe - Essay Example Truthfulness does not always come easily especially in times of trouble when an individual is placed in a difficult situation where a very important thing one holds dear is in the midst of the truth. However, like any goodness, a person can always decide to discipline himself to stick to honesty no matter what the circumstance be and can bring. A person’s integrity is affected largely by this one virtue and can make or break a person. One’s honesty is to his advantage while dishonesty destroys his future. The story of The Boy who Cried ‘Wolf!’ is one moral story which parents and teachers use to teach truthfulness to children which I believe is a great and vital step in the formation of a child’s character. It is important for honesty to be nailed to a person’s heart from childhood because when one grows old, this will somehow have a big impact in the decision making of a person. As a growing child, I cherished people who simply told the truth disregarding their pride, and I have resolved since then to follow such track. The path I have trodden though did not always make a straight line and so many times I failed myself.

Compare the electric cars to the hybrid cars Assignment

Compare the electric cars to the hybrid cars - Assignment Example Hybrid vehicle was developed to replace the use of electric vehicles. More electric vehicles are being developed as a result of power and battery management. The concerns about reduction of greenhouse emission of gasses and increasing prices of oil has led to the creation of more and more models of electric cars such as Tesla, Frisker, Karma and Toyota RAV4. Electric and hybrid cars may attract the same kind of customers even though they differ in a number of ways. Studies have shown that wealthier and younger people purchase electric vehicles compared to those who buy hybrid cars. Electric cars are considered more expensive than hybrid vehicles because of the expensive technology employed in the designing the cars. Hybrid vehicles such as Prius have existed for a long time on our roads unlike the electric model that is still new to the market, luxurious and attractive to the people. Hybrid cars utilize more than one sources of power in locomotion. The vehicle combines electric motors and internal fuel combustion energy (Antony, 50). An example of a hybrid vehicle is Toyota Prius. Electric cars, on the other hand, utilize electrical energy as the only energy source. Electric vehicles use electricity that is considered cheaper while hybrid vehicles utilize both gasoline and electric energy. Gas is expensive as a result of the rising cost of fuel in the world. With proper power management system in cars such as Karma and Toyota RAV4 which utilize electricity as an energy source, it will cost less to drive in such cars than using a hybrid car (Voelcker, 69). Hybrid cars, on the other hand, use gasoline that is considered environmentally unfriendly. Due to the current global warming as a result of carbon emission, pressure is for companies and countries to put up measure that will prevent greenhouse gasses from being emitted into the atmosphere. Electric cars are, therefore, one of the options in a

American Idiot Essay Example for Free

American Idiot Essay The song that I chose to write about is titled American Idiot by Green Day. This song was on Green Day’s album titled American Idiot. This album was originally released in 2004. American Idiot, the song, peaked at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. My reason for choosing this song is that it talks about how the media runs society and how people shouldn’t let the media run their lives. The main social issue that is talked about in this song is how the media runs our lives and society. One of the lines in the song is â€Å"Don’t wanna be an American idiot, one nation controlled by the media. † This line refers to how people in America rely heavily on the media for everything. They trust every word that is printed in a newspaper or magazine or said on television without question. People hang on every word that is pumped through the media. I don’t consider this to be a personal problem because it refers to all people being controlled by the media. It is not as if the singer in the song is the only one that the media affects. Media is worldwide ways of letting people know what is going on around them. What Billy Joe Armstrong is saying throughout this song is that people need to realize is that not everything that a person hears is necessarily true and people should not panic just because of what the news says. Green Day is an American rock band that was formed in 1987. the group consists of three members: Billy Joe Armstrong(vocals), Tre` Cool(drums), and Mike Dirnt(bass). In 1988, they signed to Lookout Records and then in 1989 they released their first EP titled 1,000 Hours. However, the band didn’t have much success until it released the album Kerplunk in 1993. After Kerplunk’s success, Green Day proceeded to leave Lookout Records and sign with Reprise Records. In 1994, they released their first major label debut, Dookie. Over the next few years, Green Day would have much success but then decided to take a break in 1996. They returned in 1997. When they returned, they began to work on a new full-length album. This album was entitled Nimrod and was released in October of 1997. This album deviated from their normally pop-punk style of music and gave listeners a variety of music. They didn’t release another album until 2000 when they released Warning which further continued their new sound that they started with Nimrod. After releasing Warning, they were nominated for 8 awards in the California Music Awards. They won all eight awards. The band then continued their success over the next few years. In 2004 the band released American Idiot. And then in 2006 they won the Grammy for record of the year because of the track Boulevard of Broken Dreams which spent 16 weeks at the top of the charts. The lyrics to American Idiot are as follows: â€Å"Dont wanna be an American idiot. Dont want a nation under the new mania. And can you hear the sound of hysteria? The subliminal mindfuck America. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isnt meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. Were not the ones whore meant to follow. For thats enough to argue. Well maybe Im the faggot America. Im not a part of a redneck agenda. Now everybody do the propaganda. And sing along in the age of paranoia. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isnt meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. Were not the ones whore meant to follow. For thats enough to argue. Dont wanna be an American idiot. One nation controlled by the media. Information age of hysteria. Its calling out to idiot America. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isnt meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. Were not the ones whore meant to follow. For thats enough to argue. †

Communication in Early Years Settings

Communication in Early Years Settings Introduction Communication is vital tool in all early years settings, it creates and developed positive relationships between all involved in looking after young children. Positive Relationships Respectful Relationships In order for a relationship to work there needs to be respect, this be fixated if everyone is treated equal and as an individual. Establishing a warm and welcoming environment is essential in developing respectful relationship. Albert Bandura believed that children watch the different ways in which individuals behave in their surroundings. Model is the name use to describe the people who are being watched. There are many powerful people that encircle children in society. These can be family members, friends, television characters or people in their school environment. Whether they are male or female, good or bad, the behaviour that these people demonstrate can be copied by children and display at a later date, whether appropriate or not. It may be more likely that a child will copy individuals that they think reflects them similarly, for example, behaviour display by people of the same gender. If a child is rewarded for positive behaviour it is possible that the child will maintain that pattern. It is important to reward a child for positive behaviour as it helps the child to build self-confidence, and to become aware of the difference between negative and positive behaviour. A child may seek endorsement fo r its behaviour from friends or family member. This endorsement is outside support, however, the emotion of excitement felt about the endorsement is of an inner support. A child desire to be approved of will always display behaviour which it thinks brings approval. Whether the support is negative or positive it’s not of great significance, if the support given outwardly is not equal the needs of the individual. There are lot of people that children may choose to identify with such as, family members, friends, or those on television. These distinct people have standard that a person could desire to have, which give them the incentive to want to identify with them. The result of this is the transformation of the behaviours, convictions, views and principles of the person trying to copy those people. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Meeting Individual Communication Needs There are other ways to communicate as to verbal communication; using alternative methods will be useful in an early years settings to meet the individual needs of communication of the child(ren), parent and colleagues. Using alternative communication methods also promote diversity and inclusion. Verbal communication can be used to inform parent about their childs day at the end of the session, in a meeting with colleagues to plan activities Share information and to communicate with children throughout the day and during activities. Written communication Letters can be send out the parents to inform them about any changes to their child’s setting and provide information keeping them up to date, letters can also be sent out to parents to gain permission to take their children on outings and events. Reports will often be in a written format. In early years setting reports will be written about a child’s safeguarding concerns, development and any incidents. Electronic With an advance in technology electronic newsletters will be set out to parents. Email can be sent between colleagues to organise meetings or share information. Phone Telephone communication is used to inform a parent if a child is sick or has had an accident. Staff in an early years setting might use the telephone as form of communication with other professionals or arrange a meeting. Sign Language sign language is used if the individual has problems with speech, language difficulties or hearing impairments, this is a face to face form of communication Makaton (a version of British Sign Language) is often used in order to communicate with young children. This might include using pictures symbols as well as signing Interpretation Interpretation is used to communicate with people who do not speak English; this can take be both verbal and written methods to make sure that any messages are passed on correctly. Relationship within Early Years Setting There is a range of relationships that are in an early years setting and they all play an important role in the successful learning and development of children Childrens friendship early year’s settings provides children with a place for social interaction children will develop friendships in their environment. The development of a childs social skills will be a factor of forming a child who as a respected member of adulthood. Child starts to enjoy the company from an early age and become aware of others. Developing friendships helps a childs personal, social, emotional development and confidence; therefore practitioners should encourage and support children while they play to promote sharing and cooperation. The Key Worker The Key Worker Relationship A key worker is a practitioner who is set to the meet the individual needs of a child. Making sure that every childs care is tailored to meet their individual needs; they ensure that the child is settled in the setting and that they have built a relationship with the child and their parents. For a key worker it is essential that they develop a close and strong relationship with the child. When in early years setting every child is assigned a key worker, this person will have the main connection with parent and child. The key worker system is very important for young babies as they are completely dependent on their careers as they will experience anxiety when separated from their parents, key workers should spend time with their key child to develop trust and the child feeling safe and secure. Stage Psychosocial Crisis Basic Virtue Age 1 Trust vs. mistrust Hope Infancy (0 to 1 1/2 2 Autonomy vs. shame Will Early Childhood (1 Â ½ to 3) 3 Initiative vs. guilt Purpose Play Age (3 to 5) 4 Industry vs. inferiority Competency School Age (5 to 12) 5 Ego identity vs. Role Confusion Fidelity Adolescence (12 to 18) 6 Intimacy vs. isolation Love Young Adult (18 to 40) 7 Generativity vs. stagnation Care Adult hood (40 to 65) 8 Ego integrity vs. despair Wisdom Maturity (65) The importance of children developing trust within the first stage of life. Trust vs. Mistrust It is often asked whether the world is a secure environment or filled with unforeseen disaster about to take place. It is said that predicament seems to take place in life first year. Predicament is one of trust or mistrust. During this period the child is unsure regarding the environment they are living in .The child will look for comfort and security from its caregiver cover the feeling of doubt. For a child to develop the feeling of trust, the care given must be of consistency, security and certainty to help them to transfer to another relationship, which will empower them if threats occur. Succeeding at this point can be accomplished by strength and belief. When the feeling of trust is developed, the child can hold on to the belief that if a new predicament arises, there is reassurance that other people will be there to provide help. Fear will be developed if strength and belief have failed, e.g. If the care that is given is inhospitable unstable and unsecure. The child will deve lop the feeling of mistrust and lack of assurance in their environment, and not having the potential to make an impact in proceedings. The child will take with them, the fundamental feeling of mistrust to another relationship, this will cause them to be anxious and add to uncertainty, and a further sense of mistrust in their environment. Erikson, E. (1959), Theory of Psychology Development. Roles and Responsibilities of the key worker The key worker should be planning activities for their key child, they implement these activities during session time, while they are taking part in these activities they observe the childs participation, this promotes the childs learning a development through play, they also carry assessments of individual childrens development. As part of a key workers job, they carry out the personal needs of the child and communicate with parents on a regular basis. The Ecological system theory says human advancement is caused by various kinds of arrangement in their surroundings. This micro system’s setting is the direction that surrounds our lives. The people in our lives that have direct connection are educators, peers, family and neighbours. All are included in the micro system of which we socialise in. According to the theory, it is unlikely that we are simply recipient of the contact we have when interacting socially with those in the micro system surroundings, but we contribute to the creating of such surroundings. Brofenbrenner, U. (1917-2005). Effective Communication with Children It is important for the practitioners to communicate with children in a way that is appropriate such as; getting down to a childs level so they dont feel intimidated, demonstrate body language that is positive and welcoming and using language that is appropriate to a childs age and stage of development. Partnership with Parents Parents as Partners Parents are the people that know their child best, they provide knowledge to a childs particular interest and needs and this can be used to enhance the childs care. The key worker this the first person a parent will get to know, first impressions will be important in order to assure that they have made the right decision, it important to that the key worker is welcoming and friendly to parents, so that you are approachable. Admission to the Setting When parents entrust their child to an early years settings, the practitioner should work in partnership with parents to ensure that the information is specific to the child and is shared with all staff members so they are aware of the childs individual needs. Sharing of information about a childs illness, disabilities and allergies will make settling in easier for both the parent and child. Ways to involve parents within the setting Allows parents to explore the settings appropriately Child can show their parents things they like to play with Parents can see displays and examples of childrens work Sharing observation and planning with parents Invite parents to volunteer on outings Encourage parents to support learning and development by attending workshops and making contribution, e.g. from their own background. This is a social activity that provides parents with the opportunity to interact with practitioners and parents to build self-confidence. Effective Communication with Parent can be achieved through positive relationships. Ensuring time is allocated to communicate with parent when appropriate. Positive body language is demonstrated, show individual attention to parent and child, give detail and accurate information about a child interest and achievements and ensuring private and confidential matters are dealt with professionally. Multi-agency Working A number of professionals, working together with different knowledge and expertise sharing information, and provide a plan to support and benefit the child individual needs. Time, Communication and Professional background are barriers that can impact multi-agency working. It is best to plan meeting in advance that all involved are aware of the dates and can stick to them. Organizing a convenient time for all Professionals to meet can be very challenging. It is important to take time to listen to others when communicating. There are diverse languages and jargons that link to different Professional background which other professional who take care of children may not be familiar with. There are particular role and training for all professionals involved in the care of children and everyone may have different views and opinions of what is best for the child. It is vital for practitioners to take into account the professional perspective of other, and not always relying on what is familiar. The care and support for the child should take precedence by multi-agency. Confidentiality It is a legal requirement under The Data Protection Act 1998 to ensure all confidential documents and data must be stored in a secured place. These documents can also be kept in a secured location outside the setting. It is the Providers responsibility to ensure only professional and those who have the right to access secured confidential documents and information about children and staff should view them. It is important that Providers kept documents and get and share report (with parents and carers, and all relevant authority working with children such as, Ofsted, the police and social services as appropriate) for example, to identify if a child has additional need, if there are cause for concern regards to safeguarding or if emergency treatment has to be given to a child. This also ensures that the managing of the setting operates safely and efficiently, and making sure they are meeting the needs of all the children. Providers to ensure they have frequent dialogue flowing both way s with parents/carers and make available their child’s development records and file only. On request, providers should incorporate parents’ and or carers’ comments into children’s record. It is vital for Providers to make sure all staff comprehend the importance of protecting the privacy of the children they are caring for, and to upheld the legal requirements that states how to handle information that apply a child in ways that guarantee confidentiality. Ofsted must have Records readily available to them to access when requested. Data Protection Act (1998). Reference List Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1917-2005). Data Protection Act (1998). Erikson, E. (1959).Theory of Psychology Development.

Barn Burning :: Literary Analysis, William Faulkner

Sarty's betrayal of his father in William Faulkner's story "Barn Burning" is justified. The reader is introduced to Sarty's father as he is being tried for burning the barn of Mr. Harris. Lacking evidence, the Justice of the Peace drops the charges against Abner Snopes, Sarty's father, and he is ordered to leave the country. A harsh image of Sarty's father is presented in the line, "he [Sarty] followed the stiff black coat, the wiry figure walking a little stiffly from where a Confederate provost's man's musket ball had taken him in the heel on a stolen horse thirty years ago" (2177). The reader is given insight into Snopes' shady past and learns he has never been a law-abiding citizen. Sarty's inner turmoil centers around his sense of loyalty to his father and his own conflict with knowing his father's actions are wrong. Through Faulkner's use of stream-of-consciousness narration, the reader is aware of Sarty's thoughts. In one instance, Sarty alludes to Mr. Harris as "his father's enemy (our enemy he thought in that despair, ourn, mine and hisn both! He's my father!)" (2176). Upon hearing the hiss of someone accusing his father of burning barns, Sarty feels "the old fierce pull of blood" and is blindly thrust into a fight, only to be physically jerked back by his father's hand and his cold voice ordering him to get in the wagon. As the Snopes' family leaves town, Sarty consoles himself with the hope that this will be the last time his father commits the act that he cannot bring himself to even think of : "Maybe he's done satisfied now, now that he has" (2177). Deep down, Sarty knows his father is not going to end his destructive rampage. Ten-year-old Sarty cannot understand the true reasons for his father's actions: "that the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his father's being," and, even more importantly, the fire served as "the one weapon for the preservation of [his] integrity" (2178). Sarty's thoughts when he realizes he might be questioned regarding the barn burning reflect the fear and despair he experiences: "He aims for me to lie. And I will have to do hit" (2176). Later, Sarty's father violently reminds him that blood is thicker than water when he accuses Sarty of being ready to betray him.

jane eyre, a passage to india , and the tempest :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane Eyre, A passage to India, and The Tempest all hold within their covers’ stories of women or girls who knowingly and unknowingly affected the lives of men they were involved with. However, the females’ range of influence does vary between the books due the writer’s opinions of the female sex. The strength and influence of women did and will continue to have an affect on the men they are surrounded by as well as our society as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane Eyre begins as a young, weak girl and buds into a strong, independent woman. Because of her strength and amount of growth she is able to influence and change one very important man in her life. Mr. Rochester when he meets Jane is a very cold man. He loves no one, not Adele the child that is possibly his of Miss. Ingram a woman he would soon be engaged to. As her time a Thornfield Hall lengthens the reader watches his transformation from the man calling her Miss. Eyre to the man who begs her love him, stay with him and marry him. Charlotte Bronte shows through Jane’s impact on Rochester, as well as her own metamorphosis, that women are strong and capable as well as important to their society and the men they meet. The influence Jane had on Rochester and the fortitude she showed would allow society to see what a woman is capable of and in turn has the women reading encouraged to do the same. The way Bronte portrayed Jane affected not only Rochester but t he women and men of society today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Azziz, when met with Mrs. Moore, is immediately drawn to her. He befriends her and through this friendship he is changes. Before he knew Mrs. Moore he didn’t have a strong liking of the English though he tolerated and even got along with them. Mrs. Moore, however, gave him a way to understand them and because of her influence he began friendships with Mr. Fielding and Mrs. Quested. After the cave incident the way Mrs. Moore viewed life had changed and she became a very negative person. Dr. Azziz just like Mrs. Moore became very angry and negative when she in a way abandoned him. Mrs. Moore’s character has the ability to make society take a second look at the muddle of India and consider is as more than that.

Study Guide Ap Bio Ch 16-18

Study guide for Ch 16-18 Chapter 16 †¢ Alfred Hershey and Martha chase answered the question whether protein or DNA was the genetic material by using Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). o Bacteriaphages were good for the experiment because they only contain 2 organic compounds, DNA and protein. †¢ James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to solve the structure (structure=function) of DNA. †¢ X-ray crystallography( process used to visualize molecules in 3-D. †¢ DNA is a double helix- structure †¢ The nitrogenous bases of DNA are( adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The 2 strands (the leading and the lagging strand) are antiparallel. o The leading strand goes in direction 5’ to 3’. o Lagging strand goes 3’ to 5’. Takes longer to replicate cause it’s built in fragments. †¢ Tip from the book(know these enzymes for replication: DNA polymerase, ligase, helicase, and topoisomerase. Know thi s enzyme for transcription(the role of RNA polymerase. †¢ Replication(making DNA from already existing DNA strand. DNA replication is semiconservative (1/2 of original DNA and the other ? is from new DNA strand). This is used by humans! A group of enzymes called DNA polymerases catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at replication fork. The overall direction of DNA replication goes from the origin to the fork. o DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing chain one by one; working in a 5’ to 3’ (DNA build strand (â€Å"new†) or RNA polymerase go 5’(3’ in the build strand). Parent strand DNA and RNA polymerase is 3’ to 5’. o DNA polymerase matches adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine o The lagging strand is synthesized in separate pieces called Okazaki fragments (which segments in 3’(5’), which are then sealed together by DNA Ligase.Forming a continuous DNA strand. †¢ Many factors in replication: o Bas e pairing in DNA replication( A=T/ G=C. o Mismatch repair(special repair enzymes fix incorrectly paired nucleotides o Nucleotide excision repair. †¢ Tip****(know the difference between replication (DNA to DNA), transcription (DNA to RNA), and translation (RNA to protein). †¢ In Eukaryotic cells, DNA and protein are packed together as chromatin. o Heterochromatin(very condensed chromatin. o Euchromatin(loosely condensed chromatin. Telemer region(small fragment of DNA that is lost during replication due to enzyme’s inability to attach the fragment on to the end of the DNA helix. (This is our biological clock). Chapter 17 †¢ Gene expression(the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or sometimes RNA). †¢ Transcription= DNA(RNA o Takes place in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. †¢ Messenger RNA (mRNA) produced during transcription. It carries the genetic message of DNA to the protein making machinery of the cell in the cytoplasm, ie the ri bosome. The mRNA triplets are called codons (a codon is a mRNA triplet). o mRNA is read codon by codon. ? Start codons and stop codons are used in the build strand the protein coding segment is between the start codon and stop codon in the build strand. †¢ They are written in the 5’ to 3’ direction. †¢ More than one codon codes for each of the 20 amino acids. Genetic code includes 64 codons (4 x 4 x 4). o The group must be read in the correct groupings in order for translation to be successful o 3 codons act as signal terminators (UAA, UAG, UGA) o AUG always has to be start codon. RNA polymerase(enzyme that separates the 2 DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template strand. o RNA pol. Can add RNA nucleotides only to the 3’ end of the strand. REMEMBER†¦ uracil replaces thymine when base pairing to adenine. ==>difference betw DNA and RNA. o The DNA sequence at which RNA pol. Attaches is called the Promoter. o The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription= Terminator. †¢ Transcription unit(the entire stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. †¢ 3 main stages of transcription: from the book. Initiation (RNA polymerase that transcribes mRNA cannot bind to the promoter region without supporting help from proteins known as transcription factors. transcription factors assist the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus the initiation of transcription) Notes: o Elongation (RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, continuing to untwist the double helix. RNA nucleotides are continually added to the 3’ end. As this happens, the double helix re-forms. Notes: †¢ Termination (RNA polymerase transcribes a terminator sequence in the DNA, the RNA transcript is released, and the polymerase detaches. There a couple of key post-transcriptional modifications to RNA( the addition of a 5’ cap and the addition of a poly A Tail (3’). †¢ RNA sp licing also takes place in eukaryotic cells. Large portions of the newly synthesized RNA strand are removed. This is the parent strand. o The sections of the mRNA that are spliced out are called introns. o Sections that are spliced together by a spliceosome(exons. ? The new strand containing the exons is called the build strand, which runs in a direction of 5’ to 3’.Remember parent strand runs in 3’ to 5’. †¢ Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)( plays a major role in catalyzing the excision of the introns and joining of exons. o Ribozyme is when RNA serves a catalytic role. †¢ Translation: o 2 additional types of RNA play important roles in translation besides mRNA: ? Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). †¢ tRNA functions in transferring amino acids from a pool of amino acids located in cytoplasm to a ribosome. These amino acids are incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain. At one end of a tRNA it loosely binds the amino acid, and at th e other end it has a nucleotide triplet called an anticodon (allows it to pair specifically with a complementary codon on the mRNA). †¢ rRNA complexes with proteins to form the 2 sub units that form ribosomes. o Translation can be divided into 3 steps ? Initiation, Elongation, and Termination (descriptions of these steps can be found on pg 129-130 I got lazy so fuck off) †¢ The review guide goes into mutations on pg 130 but I think that you’re better off reading the guide than reading my description. Chapter 18 In bacteria, genes are often clustered into units called operons. †¢ Operon consists of 3 parts: o Operator: controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes, it’s found within the promoter region. ? Normally in on position. In a repressible operon. o Promoter: where RNA polymerase attaches. o Genes of the operon: the entire stretch of DNA required for all the enzymes produced by the operon. †¢ Regulatory Genes(produce repressor proteins th at may bind to the operator site. When a regulatory protein occupies the operator site, RNA pol. Is blocked from the genes of the operon. Repressible operon( normally on. It can be inhibited. This type of operon is normally anabolic. o The repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene is inactive. o If the organic molecule being produced by the operon is provided to the cell, the molecule can act as a corepressor, and bind to the repressor protein(this activates it. ? The activated repressor protein binds to the operator site, shutting down the operon. †¢ The lac operon is inducible o Controls the production of B- galactosidase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (break down) of lactose into glucose and galactose ?Inducible operon(gene expression B-galactosidase is stimulated by the presence of a co inducer, lactose. †¢ Turns the repressor gene switch off. o This is notes on gene expression on tryptophan. Next stuff is from book. ? Inducible operon( normally off bu t can be activated. This type of operon is catabolic, breaking down food molecules for energy. The repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene is active. †¢ To turn the inducible operon on, a specific small molecule, called an inducer, binds to an inactivates the repressor protein.With the repressor out of the operator site, RNA polymerase can access the genes of the operon. o 2 regulatory mechanisms used to turn on lac operon ? Presence of lactose as co inducer ? Low amounts of glucose. †¢ These 2 are the only way for this shit to work yo! †¢ Differential gene expression in eukaryotic cell gene expression o The expression of different genes by cells with the same genome. †¢ Histone acetylation( acetyl groups are added to amino acids of histone proteins, thus making the chromatin less tightly packed and encouraging transcription. DNA methylation( the addition of methyl groups to DNA it causes chromatin to condense, thus reducing gene expression. o With the help of phosphorylation next to a methylated amino acid, chromatin becomes loosened and thus encouraging transcription. †¢ Epigenic inheritance( the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence. †¢ Transcription initiation is where DNA control elements that bind transcription factors are involved in regulation. Control elements( multiple control elements(segments of non coding DNA that serve as binding sites for transcription factors that help regulate transcription. o This is necessary for the precise regulation of gene expression in diff cell types. o Proximal and Distal control elements. ? Proximal control element has to be right next to promoter anything else is distal. †¢ Transcription factors( o Enhancer regions are bound to the promoter region by proteins called activators. o Some transcription factors function as repressors, others function as activators. Extra stuff †¢ TATA box is at the beginning of prom oter region.