Machievelli Biography Essay

Machiavelli lived during the Renaissance era of the Medieval times. In this time period many concepts and ideas were being reborn, including the Christian faith. He lived during a time period in which the people of the time thought of the Black Plague as a symptom of judgment upon the sinfulness of the land. These same people began to scourge themselves in order to express their sorrow and therefore remove God’s judgment laid upon them. Although Machiavelli lived long after the fall of the Roman Empire, he lived in an Italy that had evolved into a war-torn battleground between the city state dynasties. There were conflicts between the French and Spanish for the control of land. Machiavelli lived in a time of growing political powers and a Christian community that was adapting and changing according to the claims of the Reformers. Machiavelli had a goal: he sought to create a dichotomy between ethical Christianity and the Ethical demands of political rule. The 15th and 16th century world focused on theologically reforming the Church. Many reformers of the time and before Machiavelli’s life, including the 14th century reformer John Wycliffe, wrote on how the papacy of the Church had grown far too powerful. During Machiavelli’s life St. Francis was teaching the commoners about Jesus, and the commoners began relating to Christ. The Church was not only effected by the reformers and the teachings of St. Francis, but it was also effected by itself; it was hurting itself. The church fought against the reformers, condemning them as heretics; the church was threatened by the words of reform. Machiavelli lived among the Christians and like many of the reformers he was seeking a reform between the Church and the State. Essentially, Machiavelli writes to prove that being a moral ruler and a person are two separate ideas, in the case of extreme circumstances and, like Luther, there are two kingdoms independent of each other. Machiavelli probably would’ve been considered a think tank of his time and he believed that a ruler, or anyone may publicly state that they are Christians yet exhibit no real conviction. In the eleventh chapter of The Prince Machiavelli argued that Ecclesiastical principalities were to be desired because the people who inhabited them were governed by their own religious laws. Machiavelli viewed these laws as tools, tools to prevent unruly citizens within the principalities rather than to enforce outside rules. Machiavelli idealizes an idea completely different from the church, that politics is something that deals with facts and not abstracts, that it is a challenge to the notion of both Pope Gregory VII and Pope Innocent III’s â€Å"Divine Right to rule.†3 Machiavelli realized that the divine right to rule theory is nothing but a religious idea that does not work with the present state of man. Machiavelli also understood that human corruption and sin is an unend ing problem that rulers need to deal with. Machiavelli continues by suggesting that being a moral leader does not mean that one is a good leader as good leadership leads to order, stability, and public good. He claimed that when order, stability, and public good are threatened a ruler cannot risk limiting their actions by piety or virtue. Machiavelli believed that morals stood in the way of success, that rulers need to learn how to not be good, and be willing to kill. While the religious leaders saw Machiavelli as non-Christian and destructive, Machiavelli states that leaders need to administer necessary evils in efforts to maintain order and stability within their rule, that humans can be predicted through reason. The Church saw his political agenda as lacking in Christian ethics; however, his political reform lines up with Christian thinkers and with Christian ethics of generosity, compassion, and even the golden rule as we see in Saint Augustine’s and St. Benedict’s writings. An initial consideration of Machiavelli’s thoughts on generosity, we notice that he believes it is good to be considered a generous person, but that it is dangerous to do so. Although sounding contradictory to Christianity, Machiavelli’s reasoning lies in the Christian idea of doing the most good for as many people as possible. Machiavelli argues that being generous requires that the ruler imposes new ways of revenue collection and therefore make his subjects hate him and lead to a guarantee that no one will think well of him.1 Machiavelli makes a similar case for compassion, in that it is better to be seen as cruel then it is to be viewed as loving, if necessary. He asserts that as the head of an army a ruler needs to â€Å"be prepared to be thought cruel.† The same Christian idea can be used to explain his argument as before. In the words of Star Trek’s Spock, â€Å"the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few†. Machiavelli states that its more compassionate to impose harshness on a few rather than make use of compassion and risk chaos to take place.2 If we look back to St. Augustine’s The City of God 4 we learn that rulers and people are dominated by their own selfish lust for power, whereas in the City of God, which Luther also makes notions of in his Doctrine of The Two Kingdoms, people serve one another in charity. Under this assumption we see that men do not serve out of charity, but rather serve in a situation of ‘do unto others as you would have done to yourself.’ Perhaps Machiavelli agreed with this view of Christianity. Machiavelli’s ruler never commits an act that they would not have done to themselves. I think the Machiavellian ruler loves their neighbor as much as themselves. Machiavelli sees the political field as a place for necessary evil. He believes, out of love, that some evil must take place in order to benefit the most people. Machiavelli saw the world he lived in as a two kingdom place, like Luther and St. Augustine did. He viewed human history for what it was, not what it could be; he saw people as evil and sick. Machiavelli’s picture of human history took into account the human equation, that we are sinful and therefore predictable, which he believes will lead to a better understanding of the future.

Biochem Ppt 56

| BARRY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES COURSE SYLLABUS SPRING 2013| COURSE NUMBER:BMS 528 SEC 01 COURSE NAME:BIOCHEMISTRY II TERM/YEAR:Spring 2013 (Jan. 9th, 2013 – May 3rd, 2013) LECTURE ROOM:Hollywood Rm 2 LECTURE SCHEDULE:Friday, 9:00 – 12:00 p. m. INSTRUCTOR NAME:Graham Shaw, Ph. D. Professor OFFICE ADDRESS: Wiegand 229 OFFICE TELEPHONE: 305-899-3264 EMAIL: [email  protected] barry. edu OFFICE HOURS:Tuesday, 12. 30 – 3 p. m. Thursday, 12. 30 – 3 p. m. All other times by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION:Biochemistry at Barry University is taught over two semesters, Biochemistry I in the Fall and Biochemistry II in the Spring. These courses have been designed so that when integrated they provide the necessary biochemical knowledge for those in the medical and health related professions. The structure, function and metabolism of biologically important molecules were reviewed in biochemistry I. Biochemistry II serves to build on this material whilst considering the application of biochemistry to disease etiology, diagnosis and treatment.Biochemistry II starts with a review of two areas crucial to normal, healthy cellular functioning. The structure and function of biological membranes, in particular the variety of cell signal transduction paradigms and the biochemistry of hormones. The structure, function and replication of the cell’s genetic material. This information is reviewed in a series of lectures on DNA, the genetic code, protein synthesis and aspects of molecular biology. The digestion and absorption of biomolecules is reviewed and the consequences of malfunction considered.A number of disease states are used to illustrate selected principles including the relationship between nutrition and disease; atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes. The application of clinical biochemistry techniques to disease diagnosis is described and the biochemistry of exercise and aging visited. ARTICULATION TO MISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY: This course is offered by the College of Health Sciences, which is grounded in the liberal arts tradition and is a part of Barry University’s scholarly community, committed to the highest academic standards in graduate education.This Biochemistry course addresses both the university mission statement as well as the strategic plan adapted by the College of Health Sciences. This is accomplished by offering a high quality student-centered curriculum in an environment, that encourages Christian and ethical values and promotes intellectual growth and curiosity. Throughout the semester students will be encouraged to visit with faculty and demonstrate their critical thinking skills by offering opinions on current scientific theories and research reviews as they relate to Biochemistry.Case studies will be incorporated into lecture material and used to encourage student pursuit of knowledge and truth. Students in this course will develop an awareness of health issu es that impact those living within and outside of our community as they analyze nutrient deficiency diseases. The course will also stimulate awareness for the wellbeing of others as the prevalence and etiology of metabolic disorders is addressed. COURSE GOALS: At the end of this course, students should be able recall and apply biochemical principles to other courses throughout the curriculum, e. g. Pharmacology, Physiology. Students should be able to rationalize the significance of biochemistry in health and disease. COURSE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the student will be able to: [1] Evaluate the structure and function of the plasma membrane. [2] Discriminate between the variety of signal transduction mechanisms. [3]Explain the principles of DNA transcription and translation and evaluate the mechanisms by which protein synthesis is regulated. [4]Discuss the digestion and absorption of biomolecules. [5]Summarize the principles of clinical biochemistry and organ function tes ts. 6]Appraise the importance of biochemistry to disease etiology and diagnosis. TEACHING METHODS: Each lecture will be presented using Powerpoint. Topical material not covered in the text may be addressed in class as appropriate, and is examinable. Where possible, time will be allowed for informal discussion of clinical scenarios and questions at the end of each class. Additional class materials, including case studies, and e-learning materials may also be posted to the Blackboard learning environment as the course progresses, and students are also responsible for this material.An atmosphere of mutual respect will be reflected in all teaching/learning experiences COURSE TEXTS: REQUIRED TEXT(S) Shaw, G. P. Biochemistry for Health Professionals. Third Edition, John Wiley. New York. 2011. EVALUATION CRITERIA: There will be three (3) quizzes and two (2) unit tests, a mid-term and a final. QUIZ I Jan 18th 10% QUIZ II: Feb 22nd 10% QUIZ III April 12th 10%MID-TERM TEST (Lecs 1 – 7)Mar 1st 35% FINAL EXAM (Lecs 8 – 14)May 3rd 35% TOTAL 100% DETERMINATION OF GRADE: Biochemistry II will be assessed by 3 quizzes, a mid-term examination and a final non-cumulative examination as indicated in the course schedule. Tests will be of one hour duration, and may contain material from class discussion, the Blackboard learning environment (including case studies) as well as the course text. Any questions you wish to challenge either from a quiz or a test, MUST BE IN WRITING and documented within 1 week of the key being posted.Tests and quizzes will not be returned and grades will not be rounded. GRADING SCALE: 100 – 90%A 89. 9 – 80%B 79. 9 – 70%C less than 70%F Grades will be posted on Blackboard. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY POLICY: Cheating or plagiarism will not be tolerated. A student who is caught either giving or receiving information or assistance during a testing session, quiz or examination will automatically receive the F grade and 0% on either the quiz or examination. The same consequence will apply to any proven case of plagiarism or communicating material on an examination to students in another section of the course.Furthermore, that individual[s] will be referred to the Dean for appropriate disciplinary action. DISABILITY STATEMENT: Students with documented special learning needs may want to inform the instructor so that accommodations may be made, or contact Barry Office of Services for students with Disabilities (305) 899-3489. STUDENT BEHAVIOR: All Barry students are expected to behave according to accepted norms that ensure a climate wherein all can exercise their right to learn. Disruptive behavior is not acceptable in the classroom.Students engaging in such behavior may be asked to leave or may be removed from the class by security personnel. Actions such as violence, shouting, use of cell phones and/or beepers, using profanity, interrupting, and any other behavior that the instructor believes creates an unplea sant environment in the classroom will be grounds for withdrawal from the course, judicial proceedings and/or failure in the course. FOOD/BEVERAGES: Barry University has a policy of prohibiting eating and drinking within classroom space. PUNCTUALITY: Students are expected to be on time for class. If you arrive later than 10 inutes after class has started, there is a possibility that the door will be locked. COURSE-SPECIFIC POLICIES: Attendance: Students are expected to attend all lectures and to take all tests and quizzes at the regularly scheduled time. Students should have completed the assigned reading in advance of class, and be prepared to discuss this at class time. Only by participating in class can the student gain a complete understanding of the concepts presented in the course objectives, course text and recommended readings. Attire for all lectures and examinations should be professional. Academic Assistance:After the first exam those students receiving a grade below a C must make an appointment with Dr. Shaw within one week of grade posting, for academic counseling. Excused absences from exams: If any student is unable to attend an exam due to illness (or other circumstances) he/she should notify Dr Shaw prior to the examination (or shortly after) if at all possible. The student is responsible for submitting a physician's excuse. An excuse may be refused for chronic absentees. Once the absence has been excused, the student is also responsible for contacting the Dr Shaw to arrange a date and time to take the make-up exam.NOTE: FAILURE TO OBTAIN AN EXCUSE WILL RESULT IN A GRADE OF 0% FOR THE EXAM. LACK OF PREPARATION IS NOT CONSIDERED A VALID EXCUSE FOR MISSING AN EXAM. CHALLENGE POLICY: Faculty will review all examinations in class with students, usually within 1 week of the grades being posted. This will not be a discussion session and any questions you wish to challenge either from a quiz or a test, MUST BE IN WRITING and documented within 1 week of the key being posted; verbal challenges will not be accepted at any time. In the case of a challenge the final authority for accuracy will be the course text.Tests and quizzes will not be returned though they may be viewed by students with faculty approval. Make-Up Exam Policy: Make-up exams can be of many types at the discretion of the instructor. Make-up exams will be given after (not before) the regularly scheduled exam. If more than one person misses an exam, the make- up exams will be given simultaneously. Videotape: Video and audiotape of Biochemistry classes is not permitted unless approved by faculty and the Office of Disability Services. Online lectures and e-learning materials will be available for review from the Blackboard website.COURSE SCHEDULE Lecture No. | Date Friday| TOPIC| READING(Shaw) Chapter| 1| 11th Jan| Membrane structure and functionCystic fibrosisG proteins, Signal transduction| 34 – 36| 2| 18thJan| Quiz I (Lecture 1 plus e-learning materials) (10 %)Deoxyribonucleic acidPreparation for DNA replicationDNA replication| 37 – 39| 3| 25th Jan| Mutations and DNA repairRNA and transcriptionThe genetic code| 40 – 42| 4| 1st Feb| Protein synthesisRegulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotesRegulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes| 43 – 45| 5| 8th Feb| CancerInvestigating DNA| 46 – 47| | 15th Feb| Principles of nutritionCalcium and osteoporosis| 48| 7| 22nd Feb| Fed, fasting & starvingIntegration of metabolism Digestion of dietary fatQUIZ II Lecture 6 plus e-learning materials) (10%)| 49 – 51| 8| 1st Mar| MID-TERM EXAMINATION (35%) (Lectures 1 – 7)Obesity Lipoproteins| 52 – 53| SPRING BREAK MARCH 4th – 8th| 9| 15th Mar| Atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemiaDigestion of carbohydratesDiabetes mellitusDiabetic complications| 54 – 57| 10| 22nd Mar| Protein digestion and absorptionIron metabolismHeme metabolism & Jaundice| 58 – 60| | 29th Mar| Easter No Class| | 1| 5th Apr| Collagen Growth factors and wound healingBlood clotting & Clot dissolutionBlood tests and clinical scenario| 61 – 64| 12| 12th Apr| Plasma proteinsOrgan function testsQUIZ III (Lecture 11 plus e-learning materials) (10%)| 65 – 66| 13| 19thApr| Enzyme diagnosticsAlcohol metabolism| 67 – 68| 14| 26th Apr| Exercise metabolismAging| 69 – 70| | May 3rd| FINAL EXAMINATION(Lectures 8 – 15) 35 %3:00 pm| | ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Subject to change in extenuating circumstances

Advance Practice Nurse

Advanced nursing practice is a term that describes an advanced level of nursing practice that maximizes the use of in-depth nursing knowledge and skill in meeting the health needs of clients (individuals, families, groups, populations, or entire communities). In this way, advanced nursing practice extends the boundaries of nursing scope of practice and contributes to nursing knowledge and the development and advancement of the profession.Currently, the most recognized role of advance practice nurse is that of the clinical nurse specialist. Although the term advanced nursing practice is frequently used to describe the practice of nurses in such a role, until recently, there has not been agreement within the profession about the definition and nature.Under the umbrella term of advanced nursing practice, four distinct roles are identified: nurse practitioner, nurse midwife, clinical nurse specialist, and nurse anesthetist.The cornerstone of advanced nursing practice is expertise in a sp ecialized area of nursing. Clinical experience and additional education equip the nurse with the skill to synthesize from a broad range of nursing, experiential and scientific knowledge in addressing the health concerns of clients along a continuum of care.Nurse practitioners believe that they and other colleagues should be able to practice in an employment situation which gives equal right and responsibilities, to everyone operating at the same standard.The advance practice nurses should provide consultation to both colleagues and clients and have a vision for nursing practice within the context of the health care system.The minimal educational preparation for advance nurse practice is a graduate degree in nursing. A formal graduate degree program in nursing is valued, because it covers the growing theoretical base of nursing, promotes nursing research and the incorporation of new knowledge into the nurse’s practice and evaluates and documents the nurse’s achievements .The central focus of nursing practice is clinical practice in which there is a direct relationship between nurse and client. Direct care is supported by nursing education, research and administration.A clinical nurse specialist is a registered nurse who holds a master’s or doctoral degree in nursing with expertise in a clinical nursing specialty. An expert practitioner, the clinical nurse specialist provides direct care, education and consultation to clients, as well as education and consultation to the healthcare.The United States is the country with the most well developed advanced practice roles and the greatest degree of consensus on the nature and scope of advanced practice. In the U.S., there are four established advance nurse practice roles: nurse practitioner, nurse-midwife, nurse anesthetist, and clinical nurse specialist. All but the nurse-midwife role require graduate education, although the majority of nurse-midwives have masters or doctoral degrees.All registere d nurses are personally and professionally accountable for their actions. Legislation and regulation of advanced practice nurses should be set up using a professional practice model in which practitioners have sole authority for their practice, clear standards of practice, accountability for decision-making, and maintaining skills.As well, legislation and regulation should protect the titles nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, and advanced practice nurse.More than 70 percent of the employers surveyed said they already had nurses in advanced practice roles, and 30 percent said they intended to hire more nurses in such roles in the future. Employers reported a need for clinical nurse specialists, particularly in practice areas where gaps in service were reported, such as primary care, geriatrics, and mental health.Lack of funding was reported as the most common barrier to implementation. Nurse practitioners were seen as most needed in primary care and palliative care.A nurs e practitioner is a registered nurse, who has completed advanced education (a minimum of a master's degree) and training in the diagnosis and management of common medical conditions, including chronic illnesses.Nurse practitioners provide a broad range of health care services. They provide some of the same care provided by physicians and maintain close working relationships with physicians. A nurse practitioner can serve as a patient's regular health care provider.In 1965, the profession of nurse practitioner was instituted and required a master's degree. In the late 1960s into the 1970s, predictions of a physician shortage increased funding and attendance in nurse practitioner programs.During the 1970s, the nurse practitioners requirements relaxed to include continuing education programs, which helped accommodate the demand for NPs. Currently, all three educational options to attain nurse practitioners status are valid.Nurse practitioners are expert nurses who work within a specifi c area of practice incorporating advanced knowledge and skills. They practice both independently and in collaboration with other health care professionals to promote health, prevent disease and to diagnose, assess and manage peoples’ health needs.They provide a wide range of assessment and treatment interventions, including differential diagnoses, ordering, conducting and interpreting diagnostic and laboratory tests and administering therapies for the management of potential and actual health needs. They work in partnership with individuals, families and communities across a wide range of settings. Nurse practitioners may choose to prescribe medicines within their scope of practice.Nurse practitioners also demonstrate leadership as consultants, educators, managers and researchers and actively participate in professional activities, and in local and national policy development.Nurse practitioners integrate into their practice elements such as diagnosing and treating health pro blems and prescribing drugs. Nurse practitioners work autonomously, from initiating the care process to monitoring health outcomes, and they work in collaboration with other health care professionals.Nurse practice in a variety of community, acute care and long-term care settings. These include, but are not limited to community health centers, nursing outposts, specialty units and clinics, emergency departments and long-term care facilities.Nurse practitioners can serve as a patient’s regular health care provider and see patients of all ages. The core philosophy of the field is individualized care. Nurse practitioners focus on patients' conditions as well as the effects of illness on the lives of the patients and their families.A clinical nurse specialist is an advanced practice nurse, usually with a Master of Science in Nursing. A clinical nurse specialist is similar to a nurse practitioner; however they may have less autonomy. A clinical nurse specialist is a masters prepar ed, advanced practice nurse whose care focuses on a specific patient population, like medical, surgical, diabetic, cardiovascular, operating room, emergency room, critical care, neonatal, etc.The clinical nurse specialists divide their time into five general areas – clinical practice, teaching, researching, consulting, and management. Their assessment skills tend to be more focused than nurse practitioners, since they focus on a particular area of specialty. But they make up for this by being able to provide more expertise than even an expert level staff nurse.In any medical facility, registered nurses work with doctors to provide the best patient care possible. But clinical nurse specialists are a little different from the usual registered nurse. Clinical nurse specialists are experts in a specialty area of nursing care and are an important resource for hospital staff members.They keep abreast of current developments in their specialty, from new drug therapies to new treatme nts to innovations in patient care and make this knowledge available to other staff members by acting as teachers and advisors.Many clinical nurse specialists actually run clinics. They have full responsibility for coordinating and making decisions about patient care. Some also prescribe and monitor the effects of patients' medication. They manage research protocols, keep an eye on costs to make sure care is being delivered efficiently and cost-effectively, and develop research projects and clinical studies.These nurses have developed extensive specialist knowledge about a specific area of medicine. They generally have an undergraduate degree or a Master of Science and work closely with doctors who specialize in the same area of healthcare.They also help ensure that national healthcare standards are put into practice locally, and may contribute to developing policies that govern how patients should be cared for.The National Association of clinical nurse specialist is the professiona l organization that represents clinical nurse specialists, provides career development and networking opportunities, and provides a forum for discussion of issues and trends that affect and shape the evolution of  clinical nurse specialist practice.A clinical nurse specialist must be able to care for individuals, families, groups and systems with complex health needs within a specific clinical area; use theoretical and clinical expertise to assist health care providers and consumers in promoting or achieving optimal health.Develop and implement standards of nursing practice; serve as consultant or resource person for other health providers; facilitate an interdisciplinary approach to meeting the needs of the patient; use effective utilization of resources in order to provide cost effective care; seek consultations and make referrals as needed; use and promote research to improve clinical nursing practice.The practice of nursing continues to evolve to meet the changing needs of cli ents. Trends in the delivery of health care are providing opportunities for nurses to create new roles and expand current roles. Among these trends are: an increased emphasis on primary health care, new models of collaborative practice, the shift from institutional to community care, new developments in technology, and the supply and demand for various health providers with particular skills.BibliographyDaniel C. (2004). Higher level practice in nursing: the making of a profession. Professional Nurse, 19(7).Hickey J.V., Ouimette R.M., Venegoni, S.L. (2000). Advanced practice nursing: Changing roles and clinical applications. (2nd edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott.Mundinger M. (1994). Advanced-practice nursing: Good medicine for physicians? New England Journal of Medicine.Sutton F., Smith C. (1995). Advanced nursing practice: New ideas and new perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing.

What success mean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What success mean - Essay Example An individual feels successful after he/she has achieved what he/she wanted to. But the success lasts only as long as its happiness does. A person who might have got various successes in life in the past may at a later point in time, feel as if he is the biggest loser around. The reason is that at that point in time, the person is not feeling happy. Many people that we consider successful do not think they are successful themselves because they are not happy. People generally define success in terms of money. They say that the richer a person is, the more successful he/she is. But the reality is; it takes much more than money to be successful. People can buy things with money, but they cannot buy happiness. As long as they have everything except happiness, no body is successful. If success meant being rich, all the rich men in the history of the world to date would be respected and loved, and most importantly, would have themselves lived a very happy and prosperous life. But not many rich people have all these blessings in life. A large number of the rich people are patients of depression and many even commit suicides. They have everything but one i.e. happiness. Hence, to be successful, one needs to be happy. Last but not the least, since I have a firm belief in God and the world hereafter, I believe that to be really successful means to be placed in heaven in the world hereafter. But what does one want to be placed in the heaven for? Obviously, happiness! The much we know about heaven today is all that can make one happy. In the heaven, we won’t be rich; there would be no question of money or social status whatsoever. But we would have everything we want at our disposal which would make us happy. Concluding, success is essentially a state of mind i.e. happiness. Since happiness is a state of mind that every individual feels at different points in time irrespective of the socioeconomic status, anybody

Perception of tone, intonation and focus Dissertation

Perception of tone, intonation and focus - Dissertation Example The double-articulation theory and any definition of language based upon it leaves a wide margin, for which the name 'prosody' is today a widespread designation. (PhonoMei, 272) Tones, or as some people call them tonemes, have exactly the same function as phonemes: they are distinctive, which means that the speaker, at a certain point in the message, will have to choose between a number of them in order to say just what he wants to say. It is, of course, perfectly immaterial whether the choice is conscious or not. If tones are not considered distinctive features of vocalic phonemes, it is because they are usually found to affect, not a vowel phoneme as such, but a syllabic nucleus, often made up of two or more phonemes or even more than one syllable. Chinese Languages and Intonational Features Of more importance for the history of Chinese is the way in which glottal features can affect vowels: Voiced aspiration, or "murmur," easily spreads from a consonant into an adjacent vowel, and the effects of this have been important in the development of tonal systems in Chinese and Southeast Asian languages. (Chang, 636) The dissimilation between voiced aspiration at the beginning and end of syllables, known as Grassman's Law, that occurred in Sanskrit and Ancient Greek was probably the result of the spreading of the voiced aspiration into the vowel in this way. A quite different kind of glottal activity combined with a vowel is called "creaky voice." It stands between normal voicing and glottal stop in the same way that "murmur," or voiced glottal friction, stands between normal voicing and voiceless glottal friction, or h. In Burmese the so-called "creaky tone" is found in syllables that formerly ended in a glottal stop and still have a weak glottal closure, contrasting to the strong final glottal stop that is derived from method suggested above for indicating the glottal features of obstruents. (Ting, 632) One could suggest'. Creaky sonorants would then be written: a + ?, m + ?, and so on. It is not known whether all languages have this same binary structure for macrosegments. Many reports on different languages pass over the matter of intonation in complete silence. A few specifically state that there are no intonational differences which can be subsumed within the description of the linguistic system, even though there are ups and downs of pitch which seem to be semi-organized culturally, at least to show some correlation with speaker's mood. Since detailed and effective intonational analysis is relatively recent, statements of the kind are not to be trusted; more thorough work with such languages may reveal full-fledged, if simple, intonational systems. If, indeed, there are languages in which no distinctive intonational differences are to be found, then this affords us a typologic criterion. Not all utterances in a language conform neatly to the macrosegment-pause-intonation-remainder scheme. (Tsay, 88) Almost always one is forced to recogn ize that some utterings are broken off before they reach a normal boundary between macrosegments. If a man is shot, or has to sneeze or hiccup, in the middle of a sentence, it is easy enough to regard the linguistically relevant event as having been cut off by an intrusive agent, and to discard the particular event as irrelevant for linguistic analysis. But in the normal

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final paper - Essay Example Adhering to a tradition that is historicary and theologically interconnected to two other religions means to stick to something common among all religions, as all of them believe in the existence of only one God The Jews use the Hebrew bible as their canon, the canon contains the story and the portrayals of Abraham Jews refer to Abraham as Abram, which later changed to Abraham after the making of the covenant, in the canon Abraham is the son of Terah, husband to Sarah and father to Isaac. In Judaism, sticking to the Abraham tradition is because of his obedience in God and the faith he had in God, Abraham was righteous. The covenant he made with God, which is to make him the father of all nations with circumcision as the physical evidence to show all his descendants, is also very important in Judaism. Abraham was a man full of faith and obedience, when God called Abraham and instructed him to leave his home Haran to go to an identified destination Abraham obeyed and left, God however made a covenant with Abraham used up to date by the Jews . The covenant between God and Abraham was that of giving him many descendants, as the stars in heaven, that is from Abraham a great nation would emerge that would greatly benefit human kind. Despite the fact that Abraham and Sarah and no children, Abraham had faith in God that he would fulfil his promise by giving him a son Jews view circumcision very important up to date, they believe that for all the descendants of Abraham circumcision should be necessary just as the Hebrew bible states that the covenant is everlasting to all the descendants of Abraham. Judaism religion is guided by the covenant in which the followers believe to have emerged; this brings to the religion the meaning of Abraham in their teachings. Jews also have the believe in the faith and the obedience that Abraham had in the almighty God. Even with all the doubt that Sarah

Explain how the Bank of England tries to manage inflation and discuss Essay

Explain how the Bank of England tries to manage inflation and discuss whether the Quantitative Easing Programme may cause higher - Essay Example The rate of inflation of the economy is jumping high. Financial analysts quote this rate of inflation as an all time high. The Bank has constantly failed to maintain the rate of inflation which has been prescribed by the government (Dimsdale, 2009). The Bank may blame the cause of the increasing inflation on external factors, but the problem mainly arose because to deal with this situation the Bank started printing money. The printing of money was not backed by gold reserves held by the Bank. Apart from this the quantity of Bank notes printed was in a very large amount (IEA, 2013). The bank is of the view that it has done the right thing. By doing this the bank has breached the government instructions of maintaining a 2% inflation rate but has successfully managed to maintain an annual rate of 5-7%. The Bank claims that this policy will ease of the debt payment. EXPLAINING THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND The argument of the Bank of its actions can not be catered by the common rational of an individual. This is because no rational economy would take such an action. Printing so many currency notes will prove to be a hole in the economy. Printing extra notes will always result in more inflation then before. The rise in the inflation rate will prove to be beneficial for a few of the citizens. The rise in the inflation rate will impact the individuals as an additional tax implemented on them. The individuals will feel a prominent squeeze in the prices when paying of the utility bills or consumable goods. The government has eased the individual by implementing several tax cuts by decreasing costs and fuel prices, etc (Bell, Martyn, & Stanton, 2012). The complete economy is facing a problem of rising inflation. This is causing a problem because there are financial crisis rising due to the upcoming recession. The economy needs to deal with the situations accordingly. If it fails to do so then the people of that economy would be facing huge problems. This is the reason why it has become necessary for the economy to use quantitative easing. This will raise the flow of funds within the society. By taking these actions the economy can survive the effects of recession (Anderson, Gascon, & Liu, 2010). The result of quantitative easing will be rising amounts of inflation and hence devaluing the real value of the currency. This action taken by the Bank of England will raise the inflation of the country due to the devaluation of the currency. The set of standards of the government are not being followed appropriately, in this case, and for this reason the economy has a low annual inflation rate but the instant rate of inflation is high. The debt repayment of the economy can also be done easily to reduce the debt of the economy. Quantitative ease is the process which is used to manage and reduce the debt instantly. The rationale behind this action will ensure that the economy will become successful in eliminating the debt but the currency will deval ue resulting in a higher inflation rate (Breedon, Chadha, & Waters, 2012; Cobham & Kang, 2011). Any central bank which does not want inflation to occur will not use the qualitative pricing technique to cover up with the shortage of the funds. The usage of the printing of currency notes will surely result in a higher inflation rate (de Rezende, 2011). QUANTITATIVE EASING When the standard

Reasons for Jackson's Implementation of the Indian Solution Term Paper

Reasons for Jackson's Implementation of the Indian Solution - Term Paper Example Mississippi state and the western segment of Alabama will be relieved of Indian tenancy, and permit those States to progress swiftly in population, wealth, and power (Mark p134). The Indians were denied immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions; will retard the advancement of crumble, which is shrinking their statistics, and possibly cause them progressively, beneath the defense of the administration and through the influence of superior advice, to shed off their savage practice and develop into an interesting, cultured, and Christian society. These results, some of them so firm and others so possible, make the absolute implementation of the plan sanctioned by Congress at their last session an object of much solicitude. Impacts of Jackson destroying the National bank According to Terry, Bilhartz and Alan (106), in 1833, President Andrew Jackson announced that the government will no longer use the country's national bank. He then used his executive control to eliminate all national finances from the bank, in the ultimate round of what is referred to as the "Bank War." A national bank initially formed by George Washington and Alexander Hamilton in 1791 to dole out as a central repository for national finances. The Second Bank of the United States was founded in 1816; five years after this first bank's contract had run out. Conventionally, the bank had been managed by a board of directors with ties to industry and processing, and thus was partial towards the modern and developed northern states. Jackson, the embodiment of frontiersman, railed against the bank's deficient of financial support for development into the unsettled Western regions. Jackson also protested against the bank's uncommon political and economic power and to the lack of congressional oversight over its business dealings. Jackson, known as obstinate and bestial but a man of the ordinary people demanded for an inquiry into the bank's policies and political agenda as soon as he settled in to the White House in March 1829. To Jackson, the institution signified how a fortunate class of businessmen oppressed the will of the common Americans. He made it plain to confront the legality of the bank, much to the dismay of its cohorts. In rejoinder, the bank’s director, Nicholas Biddle, loosened his personal political power, spinning to affiliates of Congress, as well as the influential Kentucky Senator Henry Clay and leading businessmen sympathetic to the bank, to fight Jackson (Williams p 168). According to Hoffmann (44), shortly that year, Jackson presented his case against the bank in a speech to Congress; to his vexation, its members commonly agreed that the bank was certainly legal. Still, debate over the bank remained for the subsequent three years. In 1932, the troublesomeness resulted to a crack in Jackson's cabinet and, that similar year, the pigheaded president prohibited an attempt by Congress to make a new agreement for the bank. All of this occurred through Jackson's proffer for re-election; the bank's prospect was the central spot of a harsh political campaign between the Democratic

Philosophy of BSSL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of BSSL - Essay Example This study is an effort to identify such challenging circumstances, when Blue Star Logistics, a company providing express door to door delivery services to a host of clientele, had to go by the ethical principles rather than sticking to the rule book. 1. One such situation arose when one fine winter morning, a big consignment was due to be packed off to the neighboring city with the instructions from our client that the consignment has to reach there by 12 noon next morning. The customer had paid a handsome amount for the urgency tag, but with specific request that, if the consignment is delayed even by half an hour than it is of no use. That effectively implied that if the consignment is delayed, the company will have to compensate the client. The journey period was 2 hours. The preliminary work of packing was done in the evening itself. Since it was already 9.30 PM in the evening, it was decided by the line manager that the people will be back at work at 9 am next morning, so they were briefed accordingly and all of us went home. Next morning preparations were started by the staff to dispatch the consignment, and they started waiting for the paper work to be done by the documentation manager. When it was 9.30 am, everybody star ted worrying and efforts were started to contact him on phone, but his mobile was out of reach. Gradually the tension started gripping the faces of those present in the office as it was 10 am by now. Thereafter permission was taken from the top to make alternate arrangements and the consignment was somehow dispatched after 10.30 am, the net result it reached the destination after 1 pm. This in turn resulted in a heavy penalty for the company. There were instructions from top to take immediate action against the person concerned, because of whom it happened. By later afternoon, the company came to know that the documentation manager met with an accident and felt

Dowry System Essay Example for Free

Dowry System Essay Dowry System is a common social problem. its harmful for our society. now we will read a paragraph about Dowry System. lets go for read Dowry System paragraph. Dowry is the money or property that is demanded by the bridegroom when he marries a bride. The system of dowry has now become a curse to the society. The torture upon the women by men is a very common sight of today. Sometimes the women become a victim of loss of life as a result of the torture by their husbands. The main reason of dowry is negative attitude of the parents of the bridegroom and the lack of education of the bride. The bridegroom takes dowry and the womenfolk become victims of dowry. The dowry system affects the whole society. The parents of the bride sell properties and become penniless to fulfill the demand of the bridegroom. Sometimes they cannot keep their word they give before getting their daughters marrying. On the other hand, the bridegroom gets huge property without any efforts. I have the social voice. This social curse can be eliminated by making womenfolk educated and self-dependent. The menfolk also should be given proper education to change their attitude. Gender discrimination Gender discrimination means to create difference between men and women. Specially in the third world countries women is considered inferior to men. In spite of their having merits and capabilities, they are not given what they deserve. They are working in the family and out side the family, but their contribution is not seen with due honour. There are various reasons why women are not given equal rights. Firstly most of the people of our country are not educated. They fail to see the potentialities of the women and the contribution they have made in different sectors of our life. They think, as women are physically weaker than men, they will not be able to perform many duties that men can do and hence they must be dominated by men. Secondly people of our country are superstitious. They do not know their religion properly. In religion men and women have been given equal position. But in the name of religion they try to dominate over women and do not give opportunity to flourish. Female children are the worse sufferers. Even their birth is not received warm heartedly where at the birth of male children they distribute sweets to express their happiness. The female children are considered burden of the family. They are not given equal food, equal opportunity for education. They become objects of negligence and victims of social injustice. This is a great problem which is to be solved. If our people are educated and given proper knowledge of religion they will understand the value of woman and can learn about the contribution they are making. If our female children are groomed up properly they will be able to carry any responsibility bestowed upon them and our society will advance very quickly. Illiteracy has been the bane of independent India. It is a shame to note that, the country that gave Epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata to the world should, in the 21st Century turn out to be one among the most illiterate countries of the world. How this has come to be is of course not far to seek. Even in the understanding of a layman, it is clear that India has remained so very illiterate because it has, for centuries been slave to someone or the other. The rulers, whoever they may have been never wanted the Indians to be educated as, an educated mass of men would be difficult to reign, and so they never wanted them to raise their heads, and so, kept them away from the light of education. So much of course can be understood but, the sad story of the Indian masses is that even their own rulers, the Indians had no different attitude, they also wanted the Indians to remain mostly illiterate for much the same reason as the foreigners had wished. Just like the foreign rulers the Indian rulers also thought that an educated public may not be so easy to control so they also followed the track laid by their predecessors. Besides this, if the masses remained uneducated, any kind of manipulation could be easily managed in the favour of the rulers. Thus, since the Indian rulers also wanted to keep the Indian masses away from the light of knowledge, the result is for all of us to see that, even after fifty years of independence, India is still lagging behind the world in its ratio of educated/literate and the illiterate. This goes without saying that, an educated gentry is far more difficult to handle and to satisfy than an uncouth ^educated lot. For this simple reason the Indian rulers kerned it fit to keep education a far off dream for the majority and the image that the foreigners had established has been maintained by our Indian rulers for simple selfish reasons that are obvious. For this reason I feel that, the rate of literacy in India is no surprise. This has been the definite policy of the Indian rulers just to suit their vicious designs and their own inefficient policies. Illiterate masses can be led like sheep and goats very easily however and wherever they are taken. They can be very easily aroused on any emotional issues, they can be easily convinced into understanding and thinking as their rulers want them to. If the masses were to be educated it would not have been so easy for the politician to do what and how he wants to do on any issue. People would have to be convinced with genuine reasoning to the correctness of all that is being done or being planned. For this simple reason, even the dawn of the 21st, Century finds India listed among the countries with the lowest ratio of education. Now, after a little over fifty years, the Government has seen and understood the folly of such a lame policy of education. Now the Government is re-scheduling its literacy programmes and making a mark of the fundamental right of each resident of India to the right of education. If the masses had not been kept illiterate, they would have in so many years, raised a hue and cry about their right to education and the Governments of the past years would not have found it all so very smooth sailing. However, at least now the Government has awakened to the fact and need of correct education but, let us remember that the decades already lost cannot come back or regained. For, to complete the task in hand and to manage the huge backlog makes the job rather cumbersome and time consuming besides being difficult to achieve. It is hoped that, if the direction taken is continued we will in the course of another decade be higher on the grade educated/literate countries.

Royal Selangor IT System And Cloud Computing

Royal Selangor IT System And Cloud Computing 1. Introduction This report is commissioned by the request of Royal Selangor International (RS) for the purpose of analyzing existing IT infrastructure and draw out recommendations for RS to adopt to cloud computing technology. The current IT infrastructure that operates RSs business processes are analyzed. Data for the analysis are collected through interviews with RS management representatives. Based on these data and comparison with available cloud computing solutions, recommendation on the adoption of cloud computing are derived for RSs considerations. 1.1. Background Royal Selangors core business is retailing pewter artifacts and jewelleries. RS is a private owned company manufacturing and retailing fine quality pewter artifacts products worldwide and is now the largest pewter artifacts producer in the world. Founded in 1885 and based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, RS has expanded leaps and bounds to international recognition and has won several prestigious awards. The company recently celebrated its 125 years anniversary. The homepage URL of the Royal Selangor is http://www.royalselangor.com RS currently operates 3 brands under the company. RS on its own crafts and retails the pewter artifacts, Selberan which retails fine jewellery and Comyns, a brand that has 350 years old legacy in silversmiths. (Bernama 2011) RSs products are marketed through 3 channels as follows; RS owned flagship stores which are located at prominent shopping districts around the world, including London, Tokyo, Melbourne and Toronto. Distribution network to reputable retailers around the world. Online shop that serves both distributors and customers. The major part of RSs success is through the online retailing. RS are the pioneer in setting up its business for online shopping. It has enabled RS to spread its business internationally to distributors and also directly to end users. RS was awarded the CIO award in 2001 which recognizes the genius is IT implementation and strategy. (International 2001) The online shop has also provided RS channel to communicate with the customer and improves its services. RS has also established worldwide offices with warehousing facilities in major markets such as Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Britain and North America.   1.2. Corporate Structure RS is a family run business since it was first founded in 1885. Through 4 generations, the business has been passed on to succeeding family members. RS organization structure for the manufacturing business is as per Attachment A. The Managing Director is supported by two General Managers, managing and overlooking the entire operations from raw materials, production, research and development, marketing, e-commerce up to distribution and international marketing. Each section operates on its IT system for reporting and thorough tracking of the raw materials up to storage and distribution. Further detail analysis of the IT system of RS will be captured in Part 2. RSs Company Policy states the ambition of the company to maintain its status among the forerunners of the industry and to strive for excellence by being ahead of competition. In align with this policy, RS has adapted well with new IT systems to further improve its services to the customers. This is proven when RS opened its online store 10 years ago in 1996 while many industry players are still skeptical about online store. (Yee 2007) RS has structured its operations to run on a systematic IT infrastructure. Business processes of the group include the following: Financial department Human resource management Manufacturing Distribution Marketing Warehousing Customer relation management. 2. IT Infrastructure With over 1000 different products to be manufactured and distributed across local branches in Malaysia and also to 20 other countries directly, RS requires a system that could provide up-to-date and accurate information to the people involved. RS had embarked on various marketing strategies to expand the organisation and in the year 1996, ventured into the e-commerce with RS online shop and website promotion and advertising (International 2001). The subsequent business strategies, marketing, e-commerce system and web development have since been developed in-house to the specific needs of the organisation and RS wanting more control in its development and deployment. (Yoon Kit, Yong 2011, pers. comm., 1 April) Critical business processes especially for manufacturing and the retailing are being integrated and streamlined for speedier processing and better performance for the organisation. For the manufacturing department, integration and real-time updating of information for raw materials, work-in-progress and final goods are vital for the organisation to be leaner. Enterprise applications have the capability to provide accurate buying trends of customers and the information gathered have translate into a better inventory management for the organisation and also to the customers. As for the design team, IT is needed to speed up the design period and can help to transform new ideas into great products. Design information can be used for quick and clear generation of manufacturing ready drawings and used for virtual prototyping. All this can offer distinct advantage to RS over their competitors such as new products were created in pewter with an additional animated storybook. (Bao Shan, Yip 2011, pers. comm., 3 April) Retailing staff will benefit from the information on customers and also inventory to better serve the customer. Fast response and also delivery scheduling can help the retail staff to close sales deal quicker. Besides that, online marketing tools such as social networking are used to promote products actively. For RS, the strategic role of IT is very clear and it is for creating a competitive advantage over their competitors. (Yee 2007) 2.1. Computer Hardware Platforms For the routine tasks, desktop computers and laptops from Dell and HP running on Intel or AMD processors are provided. For the design team, Apple IMac is used as it is more suited for the modelling and designing purposes.   The mainframes are located in-house and consist of HP and Dell servers. These are dedicated for the critical applications such as the enterprise resource planning system (ERP), Storage Area Network, private automatic branch exchange (PABX) and the network systems between the offices and also the online shop. Cashiers at the respective branches are utilizing Point of Sales (POS) Terminals connected to the main servers for daily transaction processing. 2.2. Operating System Platforms For the general desktop computing or client level, RS is using Windows based operating system to manage the resources and activities of the computers. The Apple computers are supported with IMac OS X system. For the servers, RS is using Samba / Linux Server OS systems which are open sourced and it is easily adaptable to different servers and software. Centralised updates and patches are provided in-house by RS IT staff. 2.3. Enterprise Software Application RS is currently using the Baan ERP system and it was deployed in the year 1999. The system is used mainly in manufacturing, finance, human resource and warehousing. The Baan Client is running on the Windows based operating system. The selection of Baan was based on the capability of the manufacturing module of the Baan ERP system. 2.4. Networking / Telecommunication RS requires a reliable network and telecommunications setup because of the global presence and extensive distribution channels to more than 20 countries such as Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and United States of America. Locally, there are about 21 outlets nationwide. They are using Unifi fibre optics broadband services provided by Telekom Malaysia. This is for the standard activities such as internet and correspondences and the network is managed via Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite. As for the dedicated leased line, it is connected to the offices and branches via the Cisco Networks. Cisco Core Switch provides the entire organisation connectivity for their Enterprise Data Routing and with the switching capability of the Intelligent Bandwidth helps to ensure optimum availability to their office and branches worldwide. Inter-office communication is using Lotus Notes as the integrated desktop client option for accessing e-mail and calendaring. The main office is utilizing PABX phone system which is able to support an enterprise wide phone and fax machines where as the branches are connected via standard public switched telephone networks. 2.5. Data management and Storage The Data management and storage for RS is quite large as it is to ensure that all product designs are archived and kept for future reference. The other requirement of the organisation is to provide a shared folder running on the server as the depository of the new product designs in use by the organisation. The major usage of a 20 tetrabyte space is for the designs of the products and the accessibility of the information by various departments. Baan ERP application and database usage accounts for about 200 gigabyte space and the Lotus Notes application takes up about 150 gigabyte space. The physical hardware for the storage comes from various original equipment manufacturer (OEM) sources and the main supplier is Dell. The hardware components are Dell / EMC CX3 which is utilizing Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)/Fibre hard disk for key production system. 2.6. Internet Platforms The key internet sites for RS are the online shop/e-commerce and the visitor center homepage. The other sites under the group are Comyns and Selberan which is also under the support of RS IT department. The web site was built with customers in mind it is to be used as a two-way communication channel for customers, as well as a one-to-one marketing and fulfilment tool. The web hosting of these sites has been outsourced to CSC to ensure service availability and network latency. These webhosting servers are running on the latest iteration of Microsoft IIS Servers. The website are maintained with Linux / Apache / MySQL / Perl/PHP/Python package as it is open-source and it is easily adaptable to suit RS applications. 2.7. Consultants and System Integrators Most of the system integration work is done in house leveraging on the knowledge available. Currently, RS is getting external consultant support for the Baan ERP systems when required. The e-commerce system initially was out sourced but due to the specific needs of the organisation, it is now fully developed and maintained in house. Others system integrators or consultants are being appointed when necessary. Issues that were identified are as follows:- To ensure interoperability between each systems. RS have basically two systems to ensure its interoperability which are the CRM and the ERP applications. As for the other platforms such as servers and data center, the software used are open source whereby customisation would be easier. Ensure constant communication and connection between shared information worldwide. The need to access to data and inventory in real-time and reliably. Maintain a well integrated and smooth supply chain especially for the online shop. It needs to be updated constantly and best practices are to be employed and cascade down to the operation levels. Implementation will be a major stumbling block due to the manufacturing processes being labour intensive. Maintenance of software and hardware systems 24/7. For storage, the challenge is managing the data and managing the systems that house the data. Software tools that track and manage storage resources efficiently are in high demand for these reasons. IT staff retention proved to be difficult. Internally, the IT department is supporting on hardware troubleshooting whereas the service or troubleshooting support will be provided by the external team of consultants. The current staff skill is sufficient to maintain and operate the system effectively. However, the staff education at the operator level is still lacking. Constant training and retraining is required. Cost reduction is actively pursued whenever there is chance as budget is always constrained. Since data storage continues to grow at 40% to 60% per year, the challenge is amplified to try to get the most from any new storage purchase. Challenges that are constantly faced by RS are listed below and a few are being actively pursued by RS. To maintain operation excellence in the whole value chain design, manufacture, distribution and retailing not only locally but also worldwide. Leaner production and shorter processing time and delivery schedules are key focus area for continuous improvements. (International 2001) To innovate and re-invent the â€Å"wheel† for the retailing and marketing of the products by using IT. Constantly RS need to find ways to market their products as the current marketing channel in local and overseas retail shops, on-line shop, corporate customers and the visitor center / showroom is not adequate. Currently each competitor in pewter ware has their very own website and they are promoting their products on line, retails shops and also at their main showroom (Tumasek 2011). RS have to look at the industry of premium giftware as well which would consider a worldwide market. Search Engine Optimisation programs, partnership with search engines and partnerships with other websites are areas to focus more in order to penetrate further into the international market. (Shankar 2003) To retain customers and to attract new customers are important. Major competitors such as Tumasek, Oriental Pewter, Mariwasa and Pewter Arts are constantly challenging RS. New designs and faster production and roll-out of products would ensure a greater market share. Providing better and more personal touch to customer service will benefit in the long run as customers would have greater perception of the product not only in terms of quality but also the service that comes with it. (Shankar, 2003) To constantly review the business strategies and if necessary upgrade or adapt the current system based on the specific needs of the organisation. The final call is that any new product or system purchased should move towards lower costs, better processes and common management.(Yee 2007) Strategies such as using setting up websites in native languages of the country they are going to market the product. Open source plays an important role with the servers in RS. (Yoon Kit, Yong 2011, pers. comm., 1 April) Most of the infrastructure servers are on Linux which gives flexibility in rolling out new servers as well as replicating our administration. RS uses a lot of the virtual machine ware so it is now easier to deploy new test and production servers on demand without having to submit capital expenditure and commission new machines. Constant updating of information and also skills related to open source would be vital for RS. 3. Cloud Computing   Cloud computing obtained its name from the metaphor for internet which represents an area on the network that resides outside (cloud) but is required to make the network complete. The control of the cloud is an external partys concern which is hosted and maintained by other parties and does not need the interference of the internal parties (Velte et al. 2010, p. 3). Examining the Cloud computing, it is basically a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. These resources include networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that can be provided to the customers to assist its daily operations. As explained in NIST document, Cloud computing consists of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models (Mell Grance January 2011, pp. 2-3). The 5 Essential Characteristics On-demand self-service. Services are available to the customer at all times and without any need for intervention by the service provider. Broad network access. The system is web based and can be accessed from any internet enabled device such as through mobile devices, thin or thick client platforms. Resource pooling. The provider of the cloud computing services uses physical or virtual resources to serve multiple customers with different needs. The customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources. Rapid elasticity. Customers can scale up or scale down according to their own requirements. Additional services can be purchased at any time. Measured service. Customers accessing the system are easily tracked and controlled by means of storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts. The 3 Service Models Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The provider offers an application that the customer can be accessed by different client platforms such as a normal client computer. The software is web based and does not reside in the customers computers. The devices only need to interface via a thin client interface such as the Web browser. The consumer does not need to physically install the software. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the customer to develop applications using the programming languages and tools provided by the provider. The customer will only have control of the application developed using the platform provided. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The provider only provides the infrastructure to the customer. The customer controls its own software and applications but has no control over the cloud infrastructure. The 4 Deployment Models Private cloud. The cloud services are provided to only one organization. Community cloud. The cloud services are shared by few organizations Public cloud. The cloud services are made available to the general public or a large industry group and are owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud. The mixture of two or more cloud deployment models which runs on a standard or propriety technology. To summarize the definition of cloud computing, it is where software, platform or infrastructure services that are made available to the customers at all times. The customers have relieved itself from the concerns of operating and maintaining the physical aspects of the system and enable them to focus on its core competencies.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Before exploring the adoption of Royal Selangor with cloud computing, the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing will be explored in following chapters below to examine further the key positives that will help the company. Figure 3.1 illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of Cloud Computing. 3.1. Advantages of Cloud Computing 3.1.1. Financial Benefits Cloud computing provides new solutions for all sizes of businesses and industries. When modern businesses looks for ways to cut operating cost without losing much productivity, cloud computing serves to be a key part to assist the business to achieve the target. By improving server utilization and decreasing the number of servers, significant cost reductions can be seen and additionally, future capital expenditure can be controlled. Normally servers are designed to have redundancy as well as spares for future expansions. This translates to capital expenditures spent for facilities that are not utilized. Cloud computing provides enables the customer to only pay the amount of usages utilized which translates to cost reductions.   Also, theres a reduction in physical server depreciation cost. As pointed out above, fewer servers maintained by the company means less depreciation costs. In addition, it also directly reflects to energy consumption and facilities cost. Reduced servers require less energy to operate and smaller facilities. When a true comparison is done, using a fully cost model, the decision weighs more favourably towards cloud computing. And when the other advantages are taken into account then cloud computing can really stack up as a viable option (Group 2009, p. 6) . 3.1.2. Technological benefits Cloud computing has the ability for the system to expand and contract automatically based on the demand of the customer. For software, new users can be assigned to the system and start using almost immediately without much complications. The resource platforms such as storage, networks and servers are available on-demand and again do not require much intervention or effort by the customer to prepare the system. More significantly is the redundancy and back-up system available to the customer, ensuring that the data are safe and protected. 3.1.3. Operational benefits In terms of operations benefits, this can be referred as outsourcing the IT system and delegating the risk management. Service providers have to ensure that the system is available at any time and redundancy provided. The problems that have been concerns for companies running physical hardware, servers and data centers can now shift the risks to the service provider. Access to the system is also improved as it can be accessed from anywhere through an internet enabled device. This improved operation excellence as data are always available at anywhere, anytime to the users of cloud computing. 3.1.4. Environmental Benefits By using lesser servers through servers consolidation, energy consumption of the IT system is drastically decreased. This translates to lower and more efficient energy consumption. 3.1.5. Competitive Advantage Businesses can be more competitive by adopting to cloud computing. Cloud computing provide a quick and efficient start up for any small or medium size businesses. This enables them to have almost similar capacity as larger established companies in terms of IT systems. Also, with data easily available, it enables businesses in general to be more agile and response quicker to market. 3.2. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing While the advantages of cloud look promising, there are also disadvantages to the cloud services such as below:- 3.2.1. Security issues There is a need to look at the security aspect for cloud. The security risks that come with cloud computing ranges from user access, recovery, regulatory compliance and long term viability.   Sensitive data processed/stored externally brings with it an inherent level of risk, because outsourced services bypass the physical, logical and personnel controls† from in-house programs. The controls of user access and also content management access would need to be transparent and clear so customers are not worried about their data being compromised. (Brodkin 2008) 3.2.2. Lack of control For cloud computing, the hardware and software could be based in multiple locations all around the world compare to in-house systems. The control on the storage and security of the data will be the under the jurisdiction of the cloud vendor and users do not have much control over it. Performance and upgrading of the applications and data protection will be relying on the timeliness or scheduling of the vendors to update their software. 3.2.3. Lock-in to cloud vendors Users should be aware of the risk of lock-in to the cloud vendors. The consideration will be on whether in the future there is the need for changes or replacement of the software/platform/infrastructure selected initially and thus switching cost will be incurred. Based on the three types of cloud computing, the service and platform will have some sort of impact and difficulty if there is a need to change vendors. Selection of vendors that provide minimum lock-in should be preferred. (Petri 2010) There is also the need to ensure that the data that is held with the vendor will remain available even if they have been acquired or merge with other larger vendors. 3.2.4. Reliability on cloud functionality Cloud vendors based their business on providing high up-time and downtimes should be kept to a minimum. Overall hardware and network reliability from cloud vendors are considered to be at par or above par comparing to the average data center. However, there are instances when there is downtime and this would be considered to be unacceptable if it is too long and economic losses are being factored in. A few vendors will have strict service level agreements (SLAs) that provide themselves with a method of controlling the downtime. (ENKI 2011) Besides the downtime from servers, we need to look at the downtime created due to non internet service such as connection and bandwidth availability. There might be problem when the internet connection is not available or not sufficient to support the functionality of the applications. This would totally render the cloud application a total failure. 3.2.5. Data segregation Data stored in the cloud is generally in a shared environment and it is placed within the same location as other users. There is the need to ensure that the data is fully secured and only the authorised user can access it and the cloud provider should proof that encryption schemes were designed and tested by experienced specialists. Data can be totally unusable if there is complication during the de-cryption procedure. (Brodkin 2008) 3.2.6. Recovery of Data and Services There would be difficulty in accessing the data and service provided in the cloud as the user would not have any information on where the data is or how it is being stored. In the event of disaster, the cloud provider would need to setup a proper data recovery or restoration. There would be question on when can be data be ready for use once they initiate the recovery process. (Brodkin 2008) 4. Recommendation of cloud computing adoption/adaption The findings from above are analyzed against the factors that forms the Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure (Laudon Laudon 2010, p. 223). This will provide an outline of RSs requirement to adopt cloud computing as its IT infrastructure. 4.1. Market demand for organisations services Internet sales have always been the forefront business of RS. 80% of RSs sales are from the online shop. (Yee 2007) Considering future trends, the e-commerce will keep on expanding and improving. The market demand is and has proven to be in abundance for RS to venture. With cloud computing, RSs operation can be more streamlined and improved and meet customers demands. 4.2. RS business strategy RS strive to be the best pewter manufacturer in the world and maintain its competitive edge over competitors. (Khay Chong, Saw 2011, pers. comm., 5 April) 4.3. RS IT strategy, infrastructure and cost RS plans to use IT to gain competitive edge over their competitors and to maintain their market position. The strategy has proven to be useful as it was acknowledge by the CIO Asia Award in 2001 and Intelligent Enterprise: Asias Intelligent 20 award for the E-commerce operations.(International 2001) Ventures into social media marketing and web collaboration with overseas online shop have provided the exposure and advertising advantage for them such as partnership with John Lewis (http://www.johnlewis.com) or Wesell Royal Selangor (http://www.wesellroyalselangor.co.uk/). 4.4. RS Information technology assessment Current setup is very centralized and all located within the main HQ. From the IT infrastructure study, we find that the hardware and software used within the organization are considered to be reasonable and commonly used in all industries. The use of open source have also help in ensuring that the system can be modified and be made better as they use it with constant upgrading. However the weakness could lie with the staff availability. With cloud computing, it is a perfect IT infrastructure for RS to adopt. Switching to cloud computing provides a feasible solution for RS to maintain its businesses outside of Malaysia with the same IT infrastructure. 4.5. Competitors IT Services In evaluating RSs competitors IT services, two main competitors namely Tumasek Pewter and Oriental Pewter are analyzed. Both Tumasek Pewters (http://www.tumasek.com/home.htm) and Oriental pewters (http://www.orientalpewter.com.my/home.htm) website does not have online shop. RS is the leader in pewter industry as its main competitors are not having the same IT services as RS. This is even more a reason for RS to adopt cloud computing. As the start-up of IT system are faster through cloud computing, the competitors will definitely offer the same services in the near future. By adopting cloud computing first, RS can be ahead of competition. 4.6. IT infrastructure investment in pewter/retail industry For retail industry, capital spending in 2008-09 at John Lewis (RS partner) was  £404m, compared with  £363m in the previous year. About  £30m represents investment in efficiency projects such as new Oracle finance systems recently implemented in Waitrose and the firms head office, and investment in maintaining and modernising its IT set-up. (Mari 2009) Investment into IT for manufacturing is continuing to grow for Asian manufacturer and focus is on cloud based applications capability to increase the efficiency of the organization such as gaining insight on customer behaviour, improve efficiency and productivity of manufacturing operations and in the supply chain from supplier and also to customers. (Yap 2011). Under the Malaysias Economic Transformation Programme, the wholesale and retail and tourism industry are place in the forefront of Malaysias economic development. Few key areas were earmarked for development and the key area with IT investment would be the globalisation of our products by means of virtual retail platform or malls. Investment of about RM 1.3 billion will be spent on this area which can help competitors of RS to develop their online shop. (PEMANDU 2010) RS is well aligned to adopt to cloud computing. Moving into cloud for an established firm like RS requires a strong management vision statement and support for the migration. Strategies had to be developed to enable the migration to be completed flawlessly and most important, without hampering any existing business processes. Strategies to be taken by RS are as follows; Business Review To establish the key objectives, tools that can be use is SMARTA objectives which is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely and Agreed. ( Williams 2010, p. 102 ) Project Management To setup a Project management team to manage the migration and keep all stakeholders satisfied. An Implementation plan will provide the necessary clear procedures for the migration. ( Williams 2010, p. 113 ) Adoption to cloud system shall be done according to recommended solutions as below; For the routine communications and content management, RS would be wise to look at the various applications offered from cloud computing. This would probably relieve some of the bottleneck for support currently faced by RS IT departments staff. Part of the RS marketing channel to corporate users would be beneficial if there was an application similar to what is being offered by Sales.Force.com. The sales value chain from i

Soft Power in Japan and South Korea

Soft Power in Japan and South Korea The term ‘soft power’ is often used in the discussion of popular culture. This essay will utilise knowledge obtained through scholarly enquiry and education in Asian studies to discuss popular culture as a form of soft power. Firstly, I will provide a summative outline on the theory of soft power. Following this I will discuss Japanese and South Korean popular culture and whether they are consistent with the theory of soft power. The thesis of this essay will argue that soft power is a useful term in relation to the discussion of popular culture. Joseph Nye, who focuses on international relations, developed the theory of soft power in 1990. Nye suggested that power is influencing others to achieve a desired outcome. Similarly, the term ‘soft’ power may be understood through a state’s ability to achieve the outcomes it desires by leading as an example for other states[1]. This conveys that soft power is the ability of a nation to attract others to mirror interests consistent with their own. The desired outcomes of soft power vary, however most nations have broad aims for international stability and consistency, which may prevent or address global and national issues. For example, the United States has used mediums of soft power to justify actions towards ‘weapons of mass destruction’ by presenting American culture as attractive through its liberalism, democracy and human rights. This conveys that soft power is an intangible resource which uses ideologies, culture and economics to address intern ational issues[2]. Soft power has been used in contemporary international relations due to the interdependent nature of nations, making direct force costly. For example, a nation’s militarization incurs political and economic costs, which in return could reduce rather than increase a nation’s power. Rather, soft power is used in other resources such as transnational corporations, which allow more leverage of the global system as a whole. Contemporarily, these resources generate more power for nations because of a shift in power structures. Modernization, urbanization and increased communication have diffused power from the government to private sectors. The spread of power into the private sphere, in regards to transnational corporations, means that the most powerful form of soft power is popular culture. Ideologies of nations can be imbedded into products and communication. These commodities are introduced to other nations through transnational corporations and privat e sectors, who market their products to be attractive, consumerable and resultantly, popular. Since the mid twentieth century, Japan has been increasingly integral to global popular culture. Central to Japanese exports are manga and anime, the most distinguished forms of Japanese popular culture; hence their potential as forms of soft power. Japan’s ‘International Exchange Research Programme’ of 2003, reported the potential for Japanese popular cultures assistance in international diplomacy[3]. It was theorised that positive national images should be embedded into popular culture; mainly through the pre-existing subculture of manga and anime. The report’s recommendation was facilitated, and organisations such as the ‘Japan Cartoonist Association’ were created to reward artistic innovation. In conjunction with Japan’s conveyance of its national image, McGray suggests that Japanese popular culture is seemingly egalitarian; devoid of perspective and hierarchy[4]. This suggests that popular culture has effectively used ideologies, in accordance with culture and economics, to embed a positive national image. Therefore, popular culture that embeds national ideologies is a form of soft power. The Japan Cartoonist Association generates most of its interest and revenue from foreign states, which suggests that manga and anime are attractive to other nations. Hills argues that its appeal comes from the characters within manga and anime narratives, who are internal and selfless[5]. For example, Spike, the hero from ‘Cowboy Bebop’ was not a saint; a paradigm of the right morals, or always successful in his ventures. This conveys an opposition to Western ideologies of individualistic heroes, who fight on the right side of justice and always succeed. In accordance, its attraction may be sourced from manga and anime’s postmodernism; which allows an escape from modern Western culture. Therefore, popular culture that attracts others, generating international interest and revenue is a form of soft power. Market forces and consumer preferences drive the production and global consumption of manga and anime[6]. For example, the production company, Studio Ghibli has been increasingly popular in the market due to the international consumer desire for Japanese anime. Otmazgin argues that consumer desire is notably expressed in increasing trade, production and interdependence, with the importance of intra-East Asian trade tripling over the last forty years[7]. In accordance, corporations and organisations have had increasing influence and power in transnational relations, such as shaping economic relations and improving perspectives of Japanese culture. In accordance, corporations and organisations have had increasing influence and power in transnational relations, such as shaping economic relations and improving perspectives of Japanese culture. Therefore, popular culture that empowers corporations and private sectors’ leverage over global systems is a form of soft power Post-war perceptions, such as the Japanese being aggressive or imperialistic, and policies have prevented some of the Japanese state’s diplomatic aims. Mainly, Japan wishes to attain permanent membership on the UN Security Council[8]. In conjunction, the Japanese state has realised the potential of popular culture in facilitating the state’s desired outcome. Popular culture has generated economic prosperity, as well as conveying ideologies of a positive, progressive Japan. These resources may be considered effective in disassembling post-war perceptions and regulations. Equally, popular culture’s economic success has allowed Japan to become the second largest contributor to the UN’s budget, giving leverage over their diplomatic aim. Therefore, as Nye outlines, popular culture that influences a state’s desired outcome is a form of soft power. In the late 1990’s, South Korea was propelled into global popular culture. So profound was the movement, it has been described as the Korean Wave; with popular exports such as Korean films and music. Korean popular culture may be termed as a form of soft power. The Kim Dae Jung administration, in 1998, designated the media and entertainment sectors as a focus for development. In accordance to these political agendas, entertainment based private sectors increased their national significance. For example, the film industry doubled its Korean market share within the year. Central to the recognition of these industries is that they contain cultural content, which can enhance images of Korea. Joo argues that Korea attempts to embed into its cultural exports the idea that Korea is refined, sophisticated and prominent[9]. This suggests that Korean popular culture uses ideologies, in accordance with culture and economics, to embed a positive national image. Therefore, popular culture that embeds national ideologies is a form of soft power. Korean industries are increasingly obtaining status, interest and revenue from foreign states. Taiwanese television currently pays almost double to broadcast a Korean drama over a Japanese production. This suggests that Korean popular culture is attractive, which may be due to its balance of traditional and modern cultural values. For example, the Korean drama, ‘Winter Sonata’, encapsulates social conservatism, employing traditional morals of being sensitive, gentle and caring, yet presented in a modern environment. In accordance, South Korea provides a model for other conservative Asian states; how to modernize and keep traditional values. Therefore, popular culture that attracts and leads as an example for others is a form of soft power. With the adoption of Neo-Liberal approaches in South Korea, power was diffused from the government to private sectors[10]. Neo-Liberal strategies invoked privatisation and deregulation, which in return allow capitalists to govern systems of production, advertisement and consumption. For example, Korean music is governed by private sectors to be resonant with the Asian youth, which would have previously been stymied by the Korean nationalist government. This conveys that private sectors have more determination in generating what popular culture constitutes, and in conjunction perspectives of Korean Culture. Therefore, popular culture that empowers corporations and private sectors’ leverage over global systems is a form of soft power. Post-Cold War perceptions of South Korea may be summarised as contemptuous, inferior and economically weak; which were supplemented by the Korean financial crisis in the 1990s. Though, the Kim Dae Jung administration realised the potential of popular culture in granting diplomatic power; by conveying ideologies of an influential and prominent nation. By creating cultural markets and consumer demand, the state has effectively facilitated their desired outcomes. South Korea now ranks in the top 15 market economies, and feelings of affinity towards South Korea have increased unanimously, and by almost double in Japan during the Korean Wave[11]. Effectively, The South Korea state now constitutes a substantial amount of power, conveying the success of soft power in achieving their diplomatic aims. Therefore, popular culture that influences a states desired outcome is a form of soft power. Japan and South Korea have both provided examples of soft power that is derived from popular culture. In Japan, popular culture was able to generate power and influence in their diplomatic aims; conveying a positive image of Japan and gaining leverage over permanent membership on the UN Security Council. Similarly in South Korea, popular culture was able to convey a refined, sophisticated and prominent nation in conjunction with facilitating their prominence on the global market. Therefore, soft power is a useful term in relation to the discussion of popular culture. References Er Lam, Peng, â€Å"Japan’s quest for soft power: attraction and limitation.† East Asia 24, no. 4 (2007): 349-363. Hills, Mat, â€Å"Transcultural Otaku: Japanese representations of fandom and representations of Japan in anime/manga fan cultures.† Media in Transition 2, (2002): 1-13. Joo, Jeongsuk, â€Å"Transnationalization of Korean Popular Culture and the Rise of Pop Nationalism in Korea.† The Journal of Popular Culture 44, no. 3 (2011): 489-504. Joseph Nye Explains the Term Soft Power, Educational Film, directed by Allen Greg (Canada: Conversation, 2004). Kaori, Hayashi, and Eun-Jeung Lee, â€Å"The Potential of Fandom and the Limits of Soft Power.† Social Science Japan Journal 10, no. 2 (2007): 197-216. McGray, Douglas, â€Å"Japan’s Gross National Cool.† Foreign Policy 130, no. 1 (2002): 44-54. Nakarmura, Toshiya, â€Å"Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: How Cool Japan Will Be.† International Studies Association, (2011): 1-26. Nye, Joseph, â€Å"Soft Power.† Foreign policy, (1990). Otmazgin, Nissim, â€Å"Contesting Soft Power.† International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8, no. 1 (2008): 73-101. Yang, Jonghoe, â€Å"The Korean Wave in East Asia.† Development and Society 41, no. 1 (2012): 103-147. [1] Allen Greg, â€Å"Joseph Nye Explains the Term Soft Power,† Educational Film, (Canada: Conversation, 2004). [2] Joseph Nye, â€Å"Soft Power.† Foreign policy, (1990): 161. [3] Nissim Otmazgin, â€Å"Contesting Soft Power.† International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8, no. 1 (2008): 81-82. [4] Douglas McGray, â€Å"Japan’s Gross National Cool.† Foreign Policy 130, no. 1 (2002): 47. [5] Mat Hills, â€Å"Transcultural Otaku: Japanese representations of fandom and representations of Japan in anime/manga fan cultures.† Media in Transition 2, (2002): 10. [6] Peng Er Lam, â€Å"Japan’s quest for soft power: attraction and limitation.† East Asia 24, no. 4 (2007): 350. [7] Nissim Otmazgin, â€Å"Contesting Soft Power.† International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8, no. 1 (2008): 85. [8] Toshiya Nakarmura, â€Å"Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: How Cool Japan Will Be.† International Studies Association, (2011): 14-15. [9] Jeongsuk Joo, â€Å"Transnationalization of Korean Popular Culture and the Rise of Pop Nationalism in Korea.† The Journal of Popular Culture 44, no. 3 (2011): 496. [10] Jonghoe Yang, â€Å"The Korean Wave in East Asia.† Development and Society 41, no. 1 (2012): 107. [11] Hayashi Kaori and Eun-Jeung Lee, â€Å"The Potential of Fandom and the Limits of Soft Power.† Social Science Japan Journal 10, no. 2 (2007): 213.

Inside Gates versus Out of Gates :: science

Inside Gates versus Out of Gates Turkey as an III World Society shows rapid urbanization process without industrialization which causes some problems in housing situation. In postwar period USA gave martial aid to Turkey, in order to provide to Europe agricultural needs, so there appears jobless villagers and sharecroppers because of changes in agricultural sector in terms of providing surplus by tractors namely by less human labor. So migration to big cities was emerged which is the reason for squatter settlements existence. On the other hand globalization plays a role in suburban development which is the upper-class people’s choice for leaving heterogeneous environment in city centers that causes to emerge new suburban homogeneous settlements as gated communities. Firstly, formation of squatter settlements implies ‘temporariness’ and the term ‘gecekondu’ refer building in one night. People build their gecekondus with having rising expectations for their future because they don’t have pessimistic feelings although they live in slums in the lack of even electricity. Gecekondu people are negatively labeled (stigmatized) as ‘peasants in the city’, uneducated, uncivilized, uncultured, backwards. They are also called as ‘varo ºÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, which is a sign of subordination and exclusion of these kinds of people. (Kiziltan, 2004) They survive in urban life by the help of democratic parties because they have high voting potential, which is populism as a political aspect, and also they provide cheap labor as their second survival factor in economic dimension. Gecekondu amnesty/pardoning become possible as gecekondu people play a role in production-having cheap labor potential and also in consumption by buying products which urban people use, in order to show that they can adapt to the urban life. According to Mass Society Theory, when individuals hardly connect to society they become members of social movements and mobilize against system. Besides this theory, second generation migrants are relatively deprived and fail to adapt in urban life so they display radical politic actions, try to challenge status quo, mobilize against advantaged groups. At the beginning squatters have only use value but after this value begin to turn into exchange value, so gecekondu people start to be stigmatized as ‘undeserved rich’, the villagers want to migrate to city to benefit from this exchanged value and other urban life’ social institutions(health services, education†¦etc) so there exits social mobility towards cities. Also, there is another factor which causes social mobility in squatters; squatters are heterogeneous environments which consist of people from different geographical background, so it is possible to expect high social mobility in these settlements.

Best Man :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ayanna Ganges   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critical Thinking Honors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ms.McCue The Best Man One of the leading characters, Lance Sullivan, is portrayed very differently from the average black males in movies up until the end. Number one he is rich and he is a professional athlete. His income doesn't come from drug dealing or anything of that nature. Lance being an athlete in another perspective is also a common stereotype. Black males are commonly portrayed as drug dealers or killers unless they are rich, then they are professional athletes. This makes it seem as though black males don't have intellectual thinking capabilities. He doesn't get killed and he doesn't kill anyone during the course of the movie, although thoughts of it do cross his mind. By the end of the movie Lance ends up in a neutral position. Meaning his decisions reflect the outcome of his situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only thing that was a shame about any of the black characters is that when Lance finds out that his best friend, Harper, had slept with his now fiancà ©e, Mia, he beat the crap out of him, but never even mentioned it to her. This is so typical not only in movies, but in life in general with people of all races, people take their anger out too often on the wrong party. It was his girlfriend that did the dirty deed as well. Not to mention it was a long time ago. He had every right to be upset, but I think the fighting was a bit extreme even if it did make the movie more enjoyable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The male/female interaction was put together well because Jordan was a best friend with the other four male characters.